It Is Better to Be Ruled by a Philosopher King Essay

If one wishes to perfect one’s soul and reach enlightenment, then it is definitely better for that one to be ruled by a philosopher-king; however, if one’s main goal in life is to live happily and securely without worries, then it is arguably better for that one to be ruled by a prince. One should, however, seek to perfect one’s soul rather than seek for happiness and security alone, hence, it is better to be ruled by a philosopher-king. This paper will first lay out the reasons why one should be governed by either a Machiavellian prince or a philosopher-king, and point out that the different benefits between the two rulers depends on the different sets of priorities in a citizen’s life. Then, the paper will argue why one should pursue the values under the rule of a philosopher-king rather than that under the rule of a prince. Finally, it will look at some counter argument, analyze and assert why the thesis is still superior. If one’s main wish is to live happily and securely, then it might be better for that one to be ruled by a Machiavellian prince, since a Machiavellian prince’s main goal as a ruler is to secure his state. The perfect prince would appear to be â€Å"merciful, faithful, humane, honest, and religious†, but â€Å"know how to enter into evil, when forced by necessity† to â€Å"maintain his state. † Consequently, the people living under this prince would benefit in the peace that comes with his reign. Moreover, the people are free to pursue whatever materialistic goals they want, so long as they do not violate the laws of the prince. The prince is also neither â€Å"rapacious and a usurper of the property and the women of his subjects† nor is he trying to â€Å"maintain a name for liberality† so much that he â€Å"burden the people extraordinarily, to be rigorous with taxes. † Hence, the people living under a prince’s reign will enjoy a sufficient life with stability, security and freedom to pursue their materialistic wants. If ones seek to perfect their souls, to come out of the cave and â€Å"into the sunlight†, then life under the rule of a philosopher-king is ideal. Under the rule of a philosopher-king, the king will try to â€Å"[turn] the whole soul until it is able to study that which is and the brightest things that is, namely, the one we call the good. † To do this, one must first â€Å"rid of [feasting, greed, and other such pleasures]† that one â€Å"had been hammered at from childhood†, and then â€Å"[turn] to look at true things. The philosopher-king, whose visions and knowledge is true and wise, will help educate the people by changing theirs desires, â€Å"[try] to redirect it appropriately. † A life under a philosopher-king will benefit one’s soul rather than one’s materialistic life. It is obvious as explained previously that the key to the desirability of the two different systems, one under the Machiavellian prince and one under the ph ilosopher-king, lies in how the people prioritize what they look for in life; hence, different sets of values will be satisfied by different political systems. Thus, at first look, it seems impossible to determine which system is better because they are based on completely different sets of values. However, as one set is arguably better to pursue than the other, consequently, one political system will be more desirable than the other. The set of criteria in question is that under the rule of the philosopher-king. It is better for a person to pursue a knowledgeable, true, and rational life that a philosopher-king promises to provide than a materialistic and secure life alone that the Machiavellian prince promises. First, it needs to be pointed out that Machiavelli also seems to see there is of little value for a prince to pursue materialistic desires, unless it serves a bigger purpose, such as the acquirement of â€Å"abundance of either men or money† serves to â€Å"put together an adequate army and fight a battle against whoever comes to attack them. † Machiavelli seems to imply that a prince seeks not just power, but also seeks to be more glorious, excellent, and virtuous than ordinary men. He states that as a commander, a prince should have â€Å"no other object, nor any other thought, nor take anything else as his art but that of war and its order and discipline†; and when a prince â€Å"have thought more of amenities than of arms, [he has] lost [his state]. † This seems to imply that a prince should not seek trivial contentment, but only that of commanders; and as a leader, a prince should desire to be esteemed, feared, and loved, and avoid to be viewed as â€Å"variable, light, effeminate, pusillanimous, irresolute. Hence, Machiavelli seems to say that even though not everyone has virtues, thus, those who do will rise and become princes while the rest will be ruled over, it is desirable that one should aspire to become a prince, seek virtues, prove one’s excellence with his prudence. Socrates, hence, also seems to agree with Machiavelli that one should seek more in life than the satisfaction of one’s instinctive desires. However, Socrate s disagrees with Machiavelli on two points. First, Socrates disagrees that only a few has virtues but everyone is capable of achieving more in life but rather everyone is capable of pursuing virtues. Second, he believes that there is only the â€Å"virtue of reason† that, unlike others that â€Å"aren’t there beforehand but are added later by habit and practice,† has always been there intrinsically inside of everyone. He states that this virtue â€Å"never loses its power but is either useful and beneficial or useless and harmful, depending on the way it is turned. † Socrates, thus, might argue with Machiavelli that the virtues that he assigns for the perfect prince are derivatives of this single virtue of reason, which is â€Å"forced to serve evil ends. † Hence, the perfect prince is capable of horrid things, but still very clever to maintain his image. Socrates perhaps can conclude that the prince described by Machiavelli is a case where the virtue of reason is turned to the wrong way. Thus, Socrates reasons that everyone is capable of pursuing this virtue of reason, and hence, capable of greatness, but they need guidance and education to â€Å"[turn] around from darkness to light. † Machiavelli then might agree that everyone might be capable of greatness, but he still disagrees as to why any person with the virtue of reason should not become a prince to dominate others, but agree to be governed by the philosopher-king. Now, assume that Socrates’ model of the human soul is correct and sufficient; it might give an answer to this problem. Socrates reasons that a human’s soul consists of three parts, a human who represents our virtue of reasons, a lion which represents our beastly power and aggression, also courage and nobility, and a multicolored beast with â€Å"a ring of many heads that it can grow and change at will† which represents our various desires, â€Å"some from gentle, some from savage animals. With the previously established argument that Machiavelli and Socrates may agree that the satisfaction of materialistic desires holds little value, hence, the scenario that the multicolored beast is in control can be eliminated, and so, the argument may be narrowed down to Machiavelli wanting the noble and courageous lion to dominate, while Socrates remains that the rational human should be in control. The initial description of the lion seems to match the dominant characteristics of that of the Machiavellian prince; however, as Machiavelli says himself, a prince needs both natures of man and beast, since â€Å"one without the other is not lasting. † The prince, hence, is still governed by both the man with virtue of reasons and the lion with courage and nobility. He uses the virtues of reason to acquire other virtues to become a prince, but he is still driven by the instinct of the noble lion to achieve glory and conquer others. As the human is the â€Å"best part of [a human soul]† it is still best to have the human part be in control over the bestial parts, because then, the â€Å"entire soul settles into its best nature, acquires moderation, justice, and reason. † Thus, people should seek to achieve this state of the soul where the human part is in control, it then takes care of the multicolored beast â€Å"as farmer does his animals†, and tends to the lion so that â€Å"the lion’s nature [becomes] his ally. This form of goodness of the soul is â€Å"the last thing to be seen, and it is reached only with difficulty. † Hence, the people will want and need the help of a philosopher-king. Since â€Å"a democratic man like a city ruled by a democracy, and similarly with the others†, the life under the rule of a philosopher-king will be similarly to the life which the philosopher-king rules himself. He will ensure by laws or otherwise, that his subject citizens will b e â€Å"the slave of [the philosopher-king] who has a divine ruler within himself. A philosopher-king does not wish to enslave the people to exploit from them, but only to help nurture and bring out the best of the people. When the people are ready, are equipped with â€Å"guardians and ruler similar to [the philosopher-king],† then the people will be set free. It will be ideal for everyone to be ruled by his own divine reason within himself. In conclusion, it is better to be ruled by a philosopher-king because one should goes after the values that the philosopher-king promotes. That is, one should find the virtue of reasons, and by the power of this virtue and the help of the philosopher-king, pursue the ideal balance of the soul, where the human part governs his consciousness and reins in the beasts. The Machiavellian prince is still governed by both the lion and the human, and he lets the people indulge themselves in their desires, hence, the prince is not the best choice of ruler, for himself and for his people alike.

Surah al-Fatiha

Surah al-Fatiha is the first surah of the Quran and is recited in each prayer as the Prophet, may the mercy and blessings of Allah be upon him, declared, â€Å"There is no salah (valid) without the opening chapter of the Book.†[1] On accepting Islam, a person should first memorize Surah al-Fatiha to be able to perform the prescribed prayers. Its meaning should be learnt and contemplated every time we offer salah. Its name:   It is named Al-Fatihah, the Opening – because it opens the Book and by it the recitation in prayer commences.It is also named Umm al-Qur'an, the Mother of the Qur'an, and Umm al-Kitab, the Mother of the Book, according to the opinion of the majority. This was mentioned by Anas, however Al-Hasan and Ibn Sirin disliked this appellation reasoning that this was the most fitting description for the Preserved Tablet. Al-Hasan also said that the unequivocal verses of the Qur'an comprised the Mother of the Book. However, it is established in Sahih At-Tirmidhi from Abu Hurayrah (may Allah be pleased with him)? Main ThemeThis Surah is in fact a prayer to the Lord of the universe for seeking guidance to the straight path Who alone can grant it. He alone is worthy of worship and He alone is to be asked for help because He is the Cherisher and the Master of everything in the universe. He is All-Merciful and has bestowed countless of bounties on His creatures, but at the same time He is the supreme Justice and everybody will have to answer Him on the Day of Judgement for his worldly deeds. When believers implore for the straight path, He always showers blessings on them and protects them from going astray. Supplication is the core of worship and the Holy Quran encourages the believers for petitioning, â€Å"And your Lord said: Invoke Me, I will respond to your supplication†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ? VirtuesLet us look at greatness and benefits of this amazing Surah so that we are reminded of its greatness.1:Greatest Surah of Quran (Umm ul-Quran): Importance of its greatness is described in HadithProphet (SAW) said:†Do you want me to teach you a Surah the like of which has not been revealed in the Torah, the Injeel, the Zabur, nor the Quran?†, and also asked what He recited in His prayers. He replied Umm-ul-Quran (Surah Fatiha) the Prophet (PBUH) proclaimed, ‘By Him in Whose dominion my soul is, nothing like it has been revealed in the Torah, the Gospel, the Psalms, or the Quran and it is seven of the oft-repeated verses in the Mighty Quran which I have been given.From this hadith, we can say that Surah al-Fatiha has great importance as it is known as â€Å"Mother of Quran†. Also, it has no other match no matter whatever has revealed before Quran. Surah al-Fatiha is the prayer which Prophet Muhammad (SAW) recited in his prayer, that's why Surah al-Fatiha is the most important part of our prayer and without it our Salah is void. Pillar of the Salah: As we all know this surah has great importance in prayer whoever not read it in his prayer his Salah is invalid or void. Prophet Muhammad (SAW) said Surah al-Fatiha is†The Mother of the Quran, the Mother of the Book, the Seven Oft-Repeated Verses and the Great recitation.† Cure of disease: Surah al-Fatiha is the cure for the disease as mentioned in the hadith:Hazrat Abu Saeed al-Khudri narrates:†While on a journey we halted at a place. A girl came to us and said: â€Å"The chief of this tribe has been stung by a scorpion and our men are not present, is there anybody amongst you who can recite something upon him to treat him?† Then, one of our men went along with her although we did not think that he knew any such treatment. However, our friend went to the chief and recited something upon him and the chief was cured. Thereupon, the chief gave him thirty sheep and gave us all milk to drink. When he returned, we asked our friend: â€Å"Did you know anything to recite upon him to cure him?† He said: â€Å"No, I only recited Umm al-Kitab (i.e. Surah al-Fatiha) upon him.† We said that do not do anything until we reach Madinah and ask the Prophet regarding this (practice and reward-whether the sheep were lawful or not for us). Upon reaching Madinah, we narrated this to the Prophet (PBUH), whereupon he remarked: â€Å"How did he come to know that Al-Fatiha can be used as a cure? (PBUH) Distribute your reward amongst yourselves and a lot a share for me as well. Light sent from heaven: An Angel addressed the Prophet (SAW) saying,†Rejoice in two lights brought to you which have not been brought to any prophet before you, Al-Fatiha and the last verses of Al- Baqarah†.Ibn ‘Abbas narrated:†While Jibril was with the Messenger of Allah, he heard a noise from above. Jibril lifted his sight to the sky and said: â€Å"This is a door in the Heavens being opened, and it has never been opened before now.† An Angel descended from that door and came to the Prophet and said: â€Å"Receive the glad tidings of two lights that you have been given, which no other Prophet before you was given: the Opening of the Book (Al Fatiha) and the last verses of ‘al-Baqarah.' You will not read a letter of them except that you will gain its benefit.† (Sahih Muslim) A cure for the heart: This Chapter of Quran have a supplication for protection from misguidance and from the anger of Allah. So this Surah protects the heart from corrupt knowledge and offensive motives.†You (Oh Allah) we worship and from You do we seek help†. (Ibn Qayim)As you can see this Surah has many benefits which we can utilize to protect ourselves from worldly difficulties? TAFSEERWhen we say Al-humdulillah, here ‘AL' means all or the entire hence meaning all praise is for Allah alone. The word ‘Rabb' stands for:(a) Master and Owner,(b) Sustainer, Provider and Guardian,(c) Sovereign, Ruler, Administrator and Organizer.This means that there's no one worthy of worship, but Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. He is the Sustainer and Owner of all that He has created in both Alams (Worlds). No prophet, no angel, no human, no so-called god or idol is worthy of worship, but Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala. He alone deserves devotion, worship, gratitude and no one else. This indicates that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is the Lord of the Universe in all these senses.Ar-Rahman and Ar-Raheem are two names derived from the same root Ar-Rahmah (the mercy). One of them is softer than the other, meaning, it carries more implications of mercy.The name Ar-Rahman is exclusively for Allah encompassing every kind of mercy. Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is Ar-Rahman for the entire creation regardless of what they believe in, whether they are evil doers or the righteous; they all receive their sustenance from Allah. On the other hand, the word ‘Ar-Raheem' is exclusively for the believers. Those who believe in Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala receive special blessings from Him and they are the ones who are going to be happy and content in this life and in the Hereafter. Just look at how Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala right in the beginning of the Qur'an has informed us that He is a Merciful Lord. He doesn't want to punish people just like that rather He is Forgiving and Merciful. The condition to seek forgiveness or mercy is repentance. May Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala make us among those who seek repentance as soon as they realize they have done something wrong that might have displeased Him. Aameen. After Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala describes that He is Ar-Rahman and Ar-Raheem, He immediately gives a warning, that along with His mercy, He is also the Master of the Day of Judgment. So that a person should not forget that along with His mercy He is also Just.We must therefore not allow ourselves to be misled. We should always remember that we are accountable to Him. He is not unaware of what we do in dunya. On the Day of Judgment, He will gather entire mankind from Adam aalyhi sallam to the last child born and ask each of us to give an account of our actions. He has the power and right to pardon us or punish us. We should be constantly striving to please Him. After the person has praised Allah and thanked Him, now he stands before Him, addressing Him directly; O' Allah our worship, obedience, submission and devotion is only for You alone, and we only serve You. O' Allah we know that You are the Lord of the Universe and You have the power over everything, therefore, we only turn to You for help, for our needs and requirements. By saying Iyyaka na'abudu wa'iyyaka nasta'aeen, we are acknowledging â€Å"You alone we worship and to You alone we pray for help.†The word iyyaka means â€Å"My whole attention is only on You or You alone. â€Å"The word na'abudu is derived from the Arabic word ‘Abd â€Å"Slave† (that is why the most beautiful name to Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala is ‘Abdullah meaning the slave of Allah) and â€Å"Na† in Arabic is used as a pronoun for We. So when we say na'abudu we are saying â€Å"We worship† hence Iyyaka na'abudu means â€Å"You alone we worship. â€Å"Wa in Arabic is used for the English word â€Å"and† so when we add wa'iyyaka, we are saying â€Å"And to You alone†.Nasta'aeen means to get help or to ask for help. When we recite â€Å"Ihdina alssirata almustaqeem† we are asking Allah subhana wa ta'ala to â€Å"Guide us to the path that is straight.†Siraat in Arabic means â€Å"The path†We ask Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala to show us the right path and in response to that He opens up the entire Qur'an as if saying, â€Å"This is the straight path you're looking for†. The straight path mentioned here and elsewhere in the Qur'an refers to Islam. We already mentioned the hadith in which the servant proclaims, ‘Guide us to The Right Way', and Allah says, â€Å"This is for My servant and My servant shall acquire what he has asked for†.When we make such a prayer to our Rabb, how do can we be led astray? Can we still have doubt and uncertainty in our life when we have asked Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala to show us the Right Path? We can only get lost in labyrinths of doubt and uncertainty due to lack of true knowledge. Let us hold firm to the straight path that Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala has opened up for us. After asking Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala to show us the straight path and protect us from deviation, we become specific in our prayer.We ask Him to show us the path of those upon whom He has bestowed His mercy i.e. people who are obedient to Allah and His Messengers. We seek refuge in Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala from following the path of those who have earned His wrath, or of those who have lost The Way. From traditions we learn that those who have earned His wrath are those knew the Scripture; who had read in their Books about the coming of a Last Messenger and his description yet they concealed the truth (meaning the Jews).Who have gone astray? Those who are not in search of the truth. Those who have known what is right but their weaknesses have led them far away (meaning the Christians). In the last ayah of this beautiful Surah there is a lesson for each one of us; anyone who knows the truth but hides it has earned Allah's anger and anyone who is not in search of truth may go astray. We beseech Allah subhanahu wa ta'ala to save us from following the path of such a person (or nation). We don't want that path Ya Allah, save us from treading in their footsteps. Aameen Ya Rabbil Alameen.? Impact of Surah Al-Fatiha on the life of a Muslim as servant of Allah.{In the Name of Allah, the Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.}– Always start your affairs with the name of Allah– His mercy is the first attribute used to introduce Allah to you{All praise belongs to Allah, the Lord of all the worlds}– Reflect on His infinite blessings– A practical tip is to remember one blessing in each rak`ah (unit) of your prayer{The Most Beneficent, the Most Merciful.}– The names of mercy are occurred FOUR times in a relatively short Surah– His mercy is the first attribute used to introduce Allah to you.  {Master of the Day of Judgment}  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Reflect on the Day of Judgment– Remember that this prayer may be the last one before you meet Him.  {It is You we worship and You we ask for help.}– This Ayah is the CORE of the Surah, and the essence of Tawhid (confirming the one-ness of Allah)– This is a perfect moment to think about what you want from Allah, and prepare for your upcoming supplication (du`aa') and wishes{Guide us to the Straight Path}– The number ONE request you definitely need from Allah is guidance, and from Him alone.Remember that If Allah guides you, then the whole world with its temptation won't matter, so be sincere in your request.The path of those upon whom You have bestowed favor, not of those who have evoked [Your] anger or of those who are astray.

Argumentative Essay: Guns Make America! Argumentative Persuasive Essays

With the possible exception of abortion, no other current issue has split the country in two like the debate surrounding gun control.  Ã‚   Both sides are equally adamant.  Ã‚   The pro gun side, as represented by the National Rifle Association, continues to oppose all gun control measures primarily on the grounds that any law restricting gun ownership is unconstitutional.  Ã‚   Proponents of gun control argue that gun violence is an epidemic out of control across the country, and call on federal lawmakers to stem the flow of blood with anti-gun legislation.  Ã‚   This side won a crucial battle in the debate two years ago with the passage of the so called   â€Å"Brady Bill,† Federal legislation that banned the production and sale of some semiautomatic rifles and initiated a waiting period and background check for gun buyers.  Ã‚   However, more recently than now Republican-controlled Congress, with the backing of the NRA, has reignited that battle with plans to repeal the Brady Bill.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The second amendment to the constitution guarantees Americans the right to keep and bear arms without government interference.   gun control advocates seem ready and eager to disregard this right which is currently being exercised by 70 million Americans.   (METSKA)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I believe that the governments struggle to keep guns out of the hand of juveniles and criminals is a worthy one, but when it comes   to unconstitutional interrogation then its getting out of control.   The government is currently trying to implement laws that will keep weapons out of the hands of every one. The people on capital hill say that they want a safer America, they want the youth of America to grow up in a caring non-violent environment,   yet all they really want is a more productive best in its class nation.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   History proves that criminal behavior cannot be controlled by the government attempting to regulate inanimate objects.  Ã‚   In other words, criminals will always find a way to get a hold of drugs, guns, what have you.   Proof: drugs may be illegal yet we still have one heck of a problem with them;   thus, if guns of some sort are made illegal then, we will probably end up with one heck of a gun problem. I believe that its not that they need a gun or think its

Law in business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Law in business - Essay Example ich has resulted in the claimant suffering a heavy loss in his life and career as well and this can be described as negligence to a greater extent since the injury caused to Geoff could have been avoided if the defendant has not been neglecting his duties. The other employee Peters, who injures a workmate while in the process of playing jokes with neighbours, has done something a reasonable man should not do during working time which can be referred to as an act of gross negligence. This scenario broadly falls under the tort law and is specifically an act of negligence. In attempting to fully analyse the given case study, it is imperative to highlight and explain the tort law and negligence in brief as a way of gaining a clear understanding of the applicability of the laws to the case. A tort law can be described as a civil wrong not arising from a contract and in the case of negligence, one should owe due consideration to one’s neighbour (Capiro Industries vs. Dickman 1990). Negligence can be described as the act of doing something a reasonable man would not do and a plaintiff must prove that the defendant owes a duty of care Donoghue V. Stevenson (1932). It is of paramount importance for the plaintiff to be able to prove that a duty of care has been breached in order to win the claim that the subsequent injury after the action of the defendant could have been avoided in the event that he would have acted within reasonable limits. Indeed, research has shown that there have been some developments in the area of negligence meant to prove the existence of day care duty. Under the case of Capiro Industries vs. Dickman (1990), the following conditions should be taken into consideration which include; foreseeability, proximity as well as reasonability. In some cases it may not always follow that a duty of care exists but common sense ought to prevail to avoid an otherwise serious injury to another person. Some situations are foreseeable before a person embarks on a

Operation Management Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Special Education Practices, Interventions And Strategies Essay

Special Education Practices, Interventions And Strategies - Essay Example The child who is shorter than average may be assumed to possess less physical and emotional ability. It may create a challenge for the educator of students with special needs to develop age and developmentally appropriate learning activities. It is imperative that educators develop strategies for teaching communications skills, reading, what the educator thinks the student’s the developmental stage should be. Each child who receives the special education is unique, with his or her own set of strengths, weaknesses, and abilities. The educator should develop strategies â€Å"for working effectively with community and services that can help meet the needs children with disabilities† (National Evaluation System, 2009). This means strategies should be based on the needs of the individual student, rather than based solely on diagnosis and assessment. Franz Boas (the originator of the four-field approach in anthropology and first chairman of the department of anthropology at C olumbia University) â€Å"demonstrated that all children pass the same developmental milestones, but at a rate affected by heredity, by nutrition, by climate and by interactions of all of these† (Little, 2008). Though two students of the same age may have the same diagnosis, differences in abilities and levels of development will exist, based on internal and external influences. Effective strategies for special education students are based on principles of human growth and development, while taking into account the many variables that influence the development and the uniqueness of the individual student, in terms of personal development.

Autobiography discussion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Autobiography discussion - Essay Example Clustering is a process that involves brainstorming over what one intends to write about (Cline et al, Page 10-58). People can carry out clustering on their own or with groups of friends so long as the inspiration connecting various idies is achieved to enable the writer proceed. Clustering enables the writer to jot down short phrases that guide him in the actual writing process. Listing, on the hand, requiers the writer to numerically put down their ideas on paper in terms of priority or chronology. It is usually the first step writers take whenever they want to write an autobiography. Listing helps in connecting ideas and experiences that a writer might have gone through. Freewriting puts the brain in action to undertake the actual writing of the biography (Cline et al, Page 23-74).Writers can undertake freewriting on their own or as a group with the free written paragraphs being read out. This enables the ears to pick out certain patterns that are vital in the actual writing of the autobiography. It also brings out various ideas that a writer might have not thought of at the initial stages. In conclusion, therefore, out of the three strategies employed in writing listing is the most benefitial to a writer as it helps in linking the ideas with the experinces. It also helps in determining the actual flow of ideas in a chronoligical manner thus making the work of a writer more organzied and smoothly flowing in the

Organizational Environment and Behavior of British Airways Research Paper

Organizational Environment and Behavior of British Airways - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that in the modern era of globalization Aviation industry is growing rapidly. This industry has many players with a strong competition among themselves. British Airways is the largest airlines company in the United Kingdom. The company was founded in 1974. Its headquarters are in London. Based on the Fleet size British Airways is the largest airlines. In 1972 British Airways Board was established by the government of UK for managing two nationalized airlines company. British European Airways, British Overseas Airways Corporation, Northeast Airlines and Cambrian Airways are the four airlines companies who merged together and formed the aviation company British Airways. Initially, for thirteen years the company was owned by the state government. In 1987 the company was privatized. British Airways is the founding member of the third largest airline's alliance that is Oneworld. This company provides international flights to international destin ations. It has flight service around 550 destinations in all over the world. It gives the customers excellent food service along with many other options for like games, TV, music, etc for satisfying its customers. The company is registered in London Stock Exchange. British Airways has established a contract to combine itself with the Iberia Airlines. The company expanded its business through different acquisitions and mergers. Until 2008 this firm was the largest airline company by the number of passengers. The company has its strong presence in Gatwick Airport. BA CityFlyer is the subsidiary of British Airways and it is the largest operator in London. The success of the company depends largely on the commitment and motivation of its employees. British Airways is a large organization with a huge number of employees. It is one of the largest airline companies in the world. The company provides many benefits to its staffs which motivates them in their work. British Airways creates a s ense of value among its employees which enrich the working environment of the company.

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

History - Essay Example This paper will highlight the causes of the revolution and how the changes brought about by the revolution affected freed black Americans. In addition, the paper will discuss the rise of Massachusetts and Virginia. The French and Indian war had negative effects on Britain. Although Britain went home with victory, the victory came at a prize. It had exhausted most of its finances. Consequently, in 1763, America had enormous debts to settle. Britain sought to formulate strategies that would help it settle the debts. It is at this time that they exposed the colonies to extremes of oppression. The government began a search of all trade routes identifying the smugglers who avoided the heavy taxes levied on the route. This affected American traders mostly. The sugar act also came into place requiring Americans to pay tax at a time when economic times were hard. The colonists worsened the situation with the banning of production of the American currency. Moreover, the colonists expected the Americans to provide the British troops with accommodation in act called the quartering act. The Americans opposed all these acts but the colonists multiplied them. In 1765, introduction of the stamps act that required Americans to pay tax on all paper products sold made their opposition fierce. Their opposition involved a boycott on all American goods. The colonies reasoned that it was unfair for them to suffer from the oppressive acts of a government in which they did not have a representative. However, the imperial government fueled their opposition by introducing an additional import tax and more boycotts resulted. In addition, other restrictions after the some colonial leaders attacked a vessel and interfered with tea on the Boston port after a monopoly allowed a tea company to dominate America. The thinking of American people was changing with time. Most of the people were reading literature that highlighted the making of social contracts and were slowly adopting liberalism a nd other schools of thought highlighted in the enlightenment literature. In addition, some revolutionary clergy had committed to teaching the truth about equality and this prompted the people to oppose any form of oppression from the colonial government. In 1794, the people formed an association that would tie them together to fight for their liberty. All these factors mentioned led to the rise of the revolution in 1775 (Frank 43-49). Rise of Massachusetts and Virginia These two colonies proved to have different structures by 1700. Background information reveals that the two colonies emerged through the efforts of English colonists who had left their home country due to unrest. Puritans who ran away from the different forms of harassment they faced in their country set up Massachusetts with its capital at Salem. The colony was independent of any rule or joint ventures with other colonies. The puritans introduced a hierarchical system that determined religious and family leaders. The colonists in Massachusetts emphasized sharing between the rich and poor. The colonists intended to create a society that promoted equity. In this colony, slave systems did not exist. Instead, the colony depended on children and members of the family structure to provide the necessary labor. Native American in this colony preferred to sell land and adopt the puritan lifestyle. In this colony, fathers assumed the role of managing and supervising the

Interpreting different cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Interpreting different cultures - Essay Example meaning of this statement is that the differences that people living a certain place have makes them unique in their various ways, similar to those living in another place. When people come together they can exchange this ideas, thus learn how to treasure and value each other. According to Louis Dumont, the oneness that has to exist in the different human societies does not often require reducing the diversity to that of unity. The people living in a certain place or culture need to have a common language, which plays an essential role towards passing that culture from one generation to another. One of the things that can be critical towards ensuring the success of the different human cultures is developing an effective understanding of these cultures. This understanding is important since it helps in the preservation of those cultures for other people to learn from them. In this regard, the society needs to created special institutions in which people’s cultural differences can be understood effectively. This paper examines the importance of the differences existing in human cultures focusing on ways of understanding these cultures in the most effective way. It focuses on the views and perspectives provided by Richard Shweder’s and Geertz’s views in their â€Å"Culture Theory† and â€Å"The Interpretation of Culture† respectively. Culture, as an independent term has often been given different meanings. To some people, culture can be described as the appreciation of the different art, food, literature and music among others (Gannon & Rajnandini,  2010). To biologists and other researchers in this field; it simply means a colony of microorganisms and other kinds of bacteria that grow in a special kind of nutrient medium specially kept in a Petri dish in the laboratory. For behavioral scientists and anthropologists, culture is interpreted as the broad range of various learned human actions and other behavioral patterns. In this regard, culture is taken to

The Soldiers War Essay Example for Free

The Soldiers War Essay Alexander Hamilton once said, â€Å"When the sword is once drawn, the passions of men observe no bounds of moderation.† The American Civil War came into being due to these â€Å"passions of men†, and the average men, who went into the war with such gusto, got slapped into the harsh reality of war. The Civil War ushered in a new era of fighting, with new tactics, new weapons, and new strategies. However, as the first of major changes, the transition took time, and that time cost the lives of thousands of men through no fault of their own. This war was one of change, and the soldiers that fought it changed the most. Civilians strode into the war in garish â€Å"uniforms,† soldiers clashed with their former countrymen, killers dealt with the aftermath, and war veterans went home to lives that would never be the same; all due to the unbounded â€Å"passions of men.† The brave men who fought in the American Civil War were untrained and undisciplined, and the number of volunteers that flooded recruiting stations was too vast for either government to accept them all. Enthused with patriotic sentiments, civilians who chose fighting for the preservation of the Union, or perhaps to punish the rebellious South, craved the â€Å"glory† of battle. Even as the numerous state militias proudly wore gaudy, impractical uniforms and excitedly waited for the fighting, the few seasoned generals they had, attempted to whip them into a functioning army. This was not an easy task, seeing as the would-be soldiers consistently undermined any and every authority figure by ignoring orders, asking for reasons to obey, and breaking rank whenever the felt the urge. Not to mention that the number of commanders who knew how to turn civilians into warriors was dreadfully low. None of these men had a clue what was in store for them, in what would be a much longer and bloodier war than they expected. Through the excited eyes of young volunteers, the war looked to them like a â€Å"great adventure,† and those who were not be accepted went home with hanging heads.1 Men saw the Civil War as a chance to defend â€Å"The land of my childhood my love and my tears; the land of my birth and my early sunny years.†2 The sword had been drawn, and the men of the Union army gave off an aura of â€Å"passion† for the war. Going into the war, absolutely none of the excited soldiers anticipated the mass slaughter; nonetheless, it would soon seem commonplace. It was the killing that changed the soldiers the most. One Union soldier wrote, â€Å"I am aposed to one man killing another,† but â€Å"when we are attacked and our lives are in danger by a gang of men aposed to the best government on earth I shall fight.† Most of the army shared this aversion to killing, except when the â€Å"passions† of the patriotic man called for it. Soldiers rationalized the bloodbath by looking at it as duty and self-defense rather than killing. Another factor that helped to keep soldiers’ consciences clean was the anonymity of working as a single unit. Even as this helped men make sense of the killing that took place in structured battle, the modern war tactics made it harder because of the new level of intimacy. This war was unique in that the new weapons and strategies allowed commanders to give soldiers more freedom within the structure of the army. Fighting in wooded areas and trench warfare constantly â€Å"undermined† the traditional patterns of war, and gave soldiers the freedom to shoot when they chose and who they chose. The drills and automatic movements caused the individual soldier to react without thinking about the unspeakable act of killing another human while in an orderly formation. The individual worried about making sure that he and his comrades survived the battle by whatever means necessary. However, when working in smaller groups, in more intimate settings, the decision to pull the trigger was more difficult. Regardless of how difficult it was in the beginning of a soldier’s Civil War experience, by the end of the war, there were those who enjoyed the killing, the revenge. Men worked as a single unit in the fray of battle, but it was in the aftermath that they had the time to process the carnage their unit had wrought. Men spoke of a â€Å"hardening,† of becoming desensitized to seeing  mounds of lifeless human bodies. A Union Colonel said that during the battle â€Å"You are engrossed with the struggle,† therefore â€Å"Your losses and dangers don’t oppress you ‘til afterwards when you sit down quietly to look over the result or go out with details to bury the dead.† The shock of seeing that many men dead disturbed the â€Å"green† Union troops. Soldiers wrote home speaking of the â€Å"rank† smell and grotesque remains that littered the ground the day after a battle. One Union soldier could not bring himself to describe the monstrous site of a day old battle field; he merely told his parents â€Å"Tell Mrs. Diggins not to let her boy enlist.† The soldiers found this the hardest to face, so naturally they pushed it aside. A southern newspaper plainly said, â€Å"The feelings of a soldier walking over his first battle-field and over his second are widely different.† Eventually seasoned soldiers were able to eat, sleep, walk, and talk among the piles of dead bodies without a second thought. In the same fashion, this forced disregard for human life, risking â€Å"dehumanizing† those left alive. Soldiers treated the bodies left over with no more compassion than a slaughtered pig. When the â€Å"passions of men† are worn, the men are left with what they wrought. After the soldiers had done their part and effectively won the war, they made the transition from trained killer to civilian. The first step was gathering all of the troops from their scattered locations across the country and getting them to their respective homes.5 When they finally arrived home, the changes the war had caused became painfully obvious to the veterans loved ones. One soldier’s mother, Henrietta Maria Benson said, â€Å"He came home so changed that his best friends did not know him†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Men returning  home cast aside their weapons and returned to the â€Å"real world,† but the transition varied from man to man.6 For a lucky few it was as simple as â€Å"picking up the pieces† and â€Å"moving on.† The rest of the men battled mental problems, most likely what is now known to be Post Traumatic Stress Disorder. In regards to a Civil War veteran, an unknown person said, â€Å"His rambling letters show someone who was confused and a little paranoid. But they also show flashes of clarity and awareness and give crucial clues about his background to help fill in some of the large blank spots in his history.† The tremendous stress and trauma of the bloodiest war in American history changed the men who fought it almost beyond recognition. The â€Å"passions† were long gone, and the lasting effect was extremely prominent in the men who marched home. Along with coping with returning from war, soldiers as well as civilians had to come to terms with all of the lives lost. The most lasting effect of the Civil War was the loss. Mary Todd Lincoln lived the remainder of her life in mourning clothes; A soldier’s mother spent years after the Surrender at Appomattox hoping her missing son would return home; a man named Henry Struble honored a grave that mistakenly bore his name by laying flowers yearly. Men who had once been fathers, brothers, cousins, uncles, and husbands laid unadorned and unknown in unidentified graves. The death that surrounded the Civil War was often shrouded in mystery, which made it all the more difficult for loved ones back home. The lack of information regarding a majority of the deaths in the war made it more difficult for civilians to accept those deaths. Change was the primary theme of the Civil War, and that change presented itself the most in the brave men who fought in the war. A soldier’s mentality and ability to cope with what he had wrought evolved dramatically throughout the war. The men who walked into the war were not the same as those who walked out when it was over. Soldiers had to face tragic losses and deal with the deaths that they personally caused. Upon returning to civilian life, most men were unrecognizable to the people who had been closest to them. After all, â€Å"When the sword is once drawn, the passions of men observe no bounds of moderation,† and those passions wreaked a permanent havoc on the country.

Development Of The Electricity Generation Engineering Essay

Development Of The Electricity Generation Engineering Essay CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction: Development of the electricity generation grew rapidly from age to age. Electricity generation is a process that generate electric energy from other form of energy, most of the major company that give an electric supply in Malaysia using Non-Renewable source to generate the electricity such as diesel and coal. Diesel and coal will be used to operate the engine in order to rotate the turbine to generating the electricity. Power creation is the biggest and fastest-growing resource of international power demand bigger than the amount of primary power used in the transport and residential/. Demand for electricity keeps rising in all areas around the globe. Inhabitants and financial development are two significant factors, just as they are for the estimated need development in other powers. But with electricity there is an additional aspect at work: the change to electricity from other types of power, such as oil or biomass for lighting style and warming in the home, or fossil fuel in the professional industry. Electricity can be generating using a generator. This generator will have two main components, rotor and stator. It was similar to the motor construction. The EMF produced by Faradays law of induction due to comparative movement of copper with a permanent magnetic field in the electric generator turbines. When a permanent magnetic is shifted comparative to a conductor, or vice versa, an electromotive power will exist. If the cable is linked through an electric product, current will flow and thus electric power is produced, transforming the technical power of movement to electric power 1.2 Problem Statement In recent of the years, the use of non-renewable resources to generate electricity is very high. Cost to generate an electricity will be high to buy the resources to do the generation of the electric power, the pollution will be occur when the generation process. There are several methods to do the generation of electric power using renewable resources, such as windmill, solar, hydro and etc. the problem for this method is the cost to build a dam for hydro is too high, suitable places for windmill and material for solar panel is expensive also. Nowadays there have invented several product of mini generator set and its already in the market. This product was in two men handling and portable, its using an engine to rotate the turbine to generate the electricity. But this product is only give the portability with a small size, this product has to use the fuel to run the engine in order to rotate the turbine to generate the electrical power. Its still not solving the main problem, the cost and the pollution problem. Aim The main aim of this project is to implement the regeneration of electric power using motor and generator. Objective 1. Learning Objectives Learn about AC and DC Current and conversion of type of the electrical energy. Learn how to generate an electrical energy. How the generator generate an electrical energy. Knowledge base on power generation, types of power and also have a skill to handle the machine that will generate the electricity. 2. System Objectives To design the inverter circuit for charging the battery To develop the battery charging circuit To generate the AC power to operate the load 3. Application Objectives Military : Give a power supply when they are out of the grid. Home appliances purpose : Give an backup power when the main power supply is have an problem Small Consumer : Give a power supply to the market vendor without using an ordinary generator set Research methodology: List down the general idea and sketch the main part of the general idea. Construct a block diagram based on the general idea to see how the system works. Choose the component and collect the technical data about the entire component that will be used in this project. Test the component and device to sure it works properly to get less error in testing full design of the project. Choosing and appropriate software that will be used to simulate the circuit that will be design in the project, do a test in bread board to see the error for troubleshooting purpose before fixed the circuit on PCB board. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE AND THEORETICAL BACKGROUND 2.1 Theoretical Background Electrical power that generated usually is an alternating current (AC). However, some kind of electrical generation and storage device produce direct current (DC). AC current is an electric charge that move periodically reverses direction, the movement usually in sine wave but in certain application a different waveform are use such as triangular waveform and square waveform. This AC current commonly used at the industry, commercial and small consumer than DC current. Electric power is saved consistently in electro-chemical ties within battery power that power plenty of convenient and lightweight devices. However, battery power dont range very well. They are minor when it comes to saving power for transport and theyre even more minor when it comes to lines power. If we can store electrical power from public utility generation features effectively. We could increase the performance of electrical programs. We could decrease our dependency on ineffective and damaging peak-shaving generating plants. We also could significantly decrease the occurrence of power shutdowns because source power would always be present when needed. Electricity is the statistical product of two amounts current and current. These two amounts can differ with regard to time or can be known as AC power or can be kept at continuous levels or can be known as DC power. Most appliances, air conditioning, pushes and commercial equipment use AC power whereas most computers and electronic equipment use DC power. AC power has the advantage of being easy to convert between currents and is able to be produced and utilized by brushless equipment. DC power remains the only viable option in electronic systems and can be more cost-effective to deliver over long ranges at very high currents. The capability to quickly convert the current of AC energy is important for two factors. First of all, energy can be passed on over long ranges with less reduction at greater currents. So in the energy systems where creation is far away from the fill, it is suitable to step-up the current of energy at the creation factor and then step-down the current near the fill. Secondly, it is often more cost-effective to set up generators that generate greater currents than would be used by most equipment, so the capability to quickly convert currents indicates this mismatch between currents can be quickly handled. Direct current (DC) is a unidirectional flow of the electric charge, this type of current is produces by sources such as batteries, solar cell etc. this type of current also can flow through the conductor as same as an AC current, and also can flow through semiconductor, insulator etc. DC current can be produce by rectifying an AC current trough the electronic circuit arrangement. 2.1.1 Generation of Electric Power Power Engineering deals with the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include transformers, electric generators, electric motors and power electronics. The power grid is an electrical network that connects a variety of electric generators to the users of electric power. Users purchase electricity from the grid avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect to it. Such systems are called on-grid power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the grid or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid. These systems are called off-grid power systems and may be used in preference to on-grid systems for a variety of reasons. For example, in remote locations it may be cheaper for a mine to generate its own power rather t han pay for connection to the grid and in most mobile applications connection to the grid is simply not practical. Today, most grids adopt three-phase electric power with alternating current. This choice can be partly attributed to the ease with which this type of power can be generated, transformed and used. Often, the power is split before it reaches residential customers whose low-power appliances rely upon single-phase electric power. However, many larger industries and organizations still prefer to receive the three-phase power directly because it can be used to drive highly efficient electric motors such as three-phase induction motors. Transformers play an important role in power transmission because they allow power to be converted to and from higher voltages. This is important because higher voltages suffer less power loss during transmission. This is because higher voltages allow for lower current to deliver the same amount of power, as power is the product of the two. Thus, as the voltage steps up, the current steps down. It is the current flowing through the components that result in both the losses and the subsequent heating. These losses, appearing in the form of heat, are equal to the current squared times the electrical resistance through which the current flows, so as the voltage goes up the losses are dramatically reduced. For these reasons, electrical substations exist throughout power grids to convert power to higher voltages before transmission and to lower voltages suitable for appliances after transmission.

Strategies That The Proponents Plan To Execute Marketing Essay

Strategies That The Proponents Plan To Execute Marketing Essay This chapter will include a clear discussion on the marketing strategies that the proponents plan to execute for the first 5 years of business operation in Singapore. Specific marketing strategies that include SMART objectives will be used to acquire the desired market share. It will also include the specific target market and positioning statement of the proposed product. Specific Target Market The proponents have decided to target the age group of male and female18 years old and above in the whole country of Singapore. Based on our GMID research, this age group accounts for more than 3.6 million of the total population in year 2010 and it is forecasted to increase to more than 4 million in year 2015. Singaporeans give much importance to their health. They become increasingly health-conscious, as expenditure in health sector remain strong the more this sector is viewed with high importance. Aside from ageing population of Singaporeans, it is also becoming a trend to the young generation (18 years old and above) to practice living healthily through taking health supplements and doing other health and wellness activities. The age group (18 yrs old and above) lives a busy lifestyle. They are active in different activities and are more prone in acquiring diseases. Trends in taking health supplements are now shifting to bigger target consumers. Children are now also advised by their parents to take food supplements especially those who are entering the real world industry. This is due to the fact that parents worry that their children are not getting enough nutrients because of the hectic lifestyle today. Competitive Review Cerebos Pacific Ltd Due to the companys dominance in vitamins and dietary supplements, Cerebos Pacific Ltd was ranked first with a value share of 5% in 2009 within overall consumer healthcare. This was mainly because the brand name became the first choice of the consumers. The market started to purchase their product because the company was able to establish good reputation among their consumers in providing quality products. In addition, its wide range of products catering to consumers from the young to the elderly contributed to its success in vitamins and dietary supplements. Cerebos Pacific Ltd positions itself in the high-end of the product categories. The establishment of its brands ensures that consumers remain willing to purchase their products. Strategies: Product Line Innovation Cerebos Pacific Ltd continues allot time and money to introduce innovative products to meet consumers demands. The company has research and development laboratory located in Singapore for product innovation purposes. In mid 2009, the company introduces Brands InnerShine Prune Essence to provide consumers with a liquid supplement that has both beauty and digestive benefits. Due to expansion of product line and product development, the company was able to gain more profit. They were able to cater bigger market and able to meet the demands of the consumers. This strategy was very effective because it gave positive outcomes in terms of profits and market. Extensive Advertising Cerebos Pacific Asia Ltd relied heavily on extensive advertising. The company does not target only the elderly but the young generation as well. To appeal to the younger generation, the company made MTV video jockey. The company also revamped the packaging of its child-specific vitamins and dietary supplements and renamed it to Brands AlphaMynd. The company believes this will enable them capture the taste of young generation because of its appealing packaging. Ricola Asia Pacific Ltd RAP is a well-known company because they produce products that are made from 100% natural herbs. The company uses the finest natural ingredients and is well known for soothing, refreshing and good tasting properties. Ricola is paying great attention to the selection of where and how the herbs for its products are to be grown. The company promotes natural cultivation in Swiss mountain areas, in good distance from major roads and agglomerations. Source: http://www.ricola.com/index.cfm?420FE8BA7A614BCA820514D4818D1042 Strategies: Good Taste Ricola Asia Pacific Ltd is well-known for producing herbal products are that refreshing and good in taste. The company in fact won the Best Taste Award in 2008 which proves that Ricola herbal products are unique and good in flavor. For after nearly 70 years, Ricolas Original Herb Candies have remained unchanged, as good as they always were: hard and slightly rough on the outside, wonderfully mild and delicious inside. Ricola has been blending 13 precious medicinal herbs from Switzerland with the same delicious recipe. The mix is particularly effective for colds, coughs and hoarseness, always refreshing and has that fabulous, unique flavour. Focus on health Ricola Asia Pacific Ltd is known for producing herbal products that are made from 100% natural ingredients. For the past 70 years, the company has emphasized all natural and good health in its marketing campaigns. Ricola emphasized to their consumers that the company uses only herbs that comes from natural cultivation and healthy to human body. Comes in convenient packs Ricola offer their products in convenient packs. The company wanted to promote herbal products to be a daily use to the consumers. The company introduced the convenient click-shut box pack that fits any pocket and is ideal for travelling. With this strategy, the company emphasized in their marketing campaign Never be without your favourite Ricola candies again and enjoy the smooth, soothing flavour of natural mountain herbs in a variety of selected flavours wherever you are. Positioning Statement Tagline : ZILI Plus: Spice your life, the healthy way! Catchy taglines act as an edgy marketing tool in defining the business and product. The proponents have decided to use ZILI Plus: Spice your life, the healthy way as the tagline for the proposed product. This gives the target market the idea that our product is all about health. ZILI Plus is a food supplement made from all natural cayenne pepper. Cayenne pepper is one of the most powerful herbs in the world because of its benefit to human body. It is made out of vegetable capsules which has the highest concentration of Capsaicin among other pepper herbs. Capsaicin found in cayenne pepper contains Vitamins A, B, C and K. It stimulates blood circulation and digestion and contributes significantly to a healthy heart and strong peripheral circulation. Market Positioning: Health and dietary supplements with 3 powerful health benefits in one capsule The market positioning statement states how the proponents want the public to perceive the proposed product. In this case, we want the public particularly Singaporeans to view our product as a health and dietary supplement which differs from other products due to the three benefits that it offers healthy heart, stimulates digestion and healthy blood circulation. Marketing Objectives and Strategies FIRST YEAR OPERATION: 2012 Product Strategy Objective To be able to introduce and launch ZILI Plus in Singapore in the first term of year 2012 To create brand awareness among majority of our target market which are male and female ages 18 and above in Singapore by the end of year 2012 Product Description: ZILI Plus is made from all natural cayenne peppers. Cayenne peppers contain capsaicin compound which is used to stimulate blood circulation and digestion. The proposed product serves as a food supplement which can be used to prevent diseases related to heart, digestive and circulatory system. It contains highly concentrated capsaicin found in no other herbal products; Used in cleansing the digestive tract and helps peripheral blood circulation. Unique Selling Proposition: Three health benefits in just one capsule For healthy heart, stimulates digestion and healthy circulation Strategy: ZILI Plus is not just ordinary food supplement. It is 100% herbal product. It is made from all natural grounded cayenne pepper. This product is not just designed for adults but also for young ones who also seeks to live a healthier lifestyle. Proponents want to change the thinking of people that herbal food supplements are only for by adults. Now, food supplements are taken not only by the adults but also by the teens. Joining the trade fairs The proponents will introduce ZILI Plus in Singapore through joining trade fairs in 2011, the year before the product will be launched. This will be able to help the company create brand awareness among majority of the potential customers in Singapore by the end of the year 2012. There are several trade fairs held in Singapore year after year and it includes health related fairs. Distribute flyers to the general public The proponents will instruct our potential distributors in Singapore to distribute the flyers to the public in the major streets and roads in Singapore. This will be able to increase brand awareness and let the public know that the proposed product is now available in the Singaporean market. Pricing Strategy Objective To be able to sell ZILI PLUS at a price of SGD 15 in Singapore Strategy: The proponents decided to use comparative pricing strategy during the first year operation in Singapore. Comparative pricing is a strategy where in the seller takes into account competitors pricing. For our case, the average price of 60 capsule health supplement bottle is sold at an average price of $15. Through this strategy, the competitors would be able to directly compete with the existing food supplements available in Singapore. Base from research, Singaporeans are quality based purchasers. They consider the quality and benefits that they will get from the product. They weigh the benefits offered by a certain product with another product before buying it. Export Sale Export Sale (PHP) (SGD) Factory price 163.2 4.8 FOB Manila cost 54.74 1.61 subtotal 217.94 6.41 Exporter mark up 50% 108.97 3.21 subtotal 326.91 9.62 Importer mark up (30%) 183.07 5.38 Final selling price 509.98 PHP 15.00 SGD Exchange Rate: As of March 6, 2011 1 SGD = 34 PHP Factory Price of product PHP SGD Direct Materials 40.8 1.2 Direct Labor 51 1.5 Factory Overhead 71.4 2.1 Product Cost 163.2 4.8 Place/Distribution Strategy Objective: To be able to maximize the availability of ZILI Plus in major health stores in Singapore from 2012 onwards Strategy: Terms of Distribution The proponents have decided to use indirect selling in distributing our product in the market. ZILI Plus will be exported to Singapore via Ship and FOB shipping point. The proposed product will be distributed to largest retailing stores in Singapore who will be selling it to market. This will able to create brand awareness to our target consumers thus expanding our market and increase sales. Illustration 6.1 Distribution Channels in Singapore Source: Trade Sources and Market Observations Small shops illustrated in the diagrams include family owned and operated organic food and health food businesses; some are single site operations, while others have multiple outlets. It also involves large chains of health food shops, pharmacies, personal care shops and specialist nutrition retailers. Pharmacies and health food shops located on the premises of Singapores hospitals are also classified under the small shops. GNC as distributor of ZILI Plus in Singapore Global Active Limited (GNC / General Nutrition Center) Global Active Limited is the leading retailer of Health and Nutritional Supplements in Singapore. The company strives to provide a complete range of nutritional products to its customers The popular brands that Global Active Limited offer includes LAC, NURTURE, EAS, Muscletech, Optimum Nutrition, GU Energy Gel, Nutrition Now, BSN, Cytosport, Pacific Health, Solaray, Lily of the Dessert, Rainbow Light, MHP and Natural Balance. Global Active Limited has the widest selections under categories such as Vitamins Minerals, Lifestyle Formulas, Weight Watchers, Food Supplements, Sports Nutrition, Herbal and Beauty Care. The company is the sole franchisee for GNC in Singapore. GNC is the worlds largest chain of health food and has 7,000 GNC stores worldwide. Have a total of 55 outlets currently operating in Singapore. Importer-Distributor-End User The proponents would like to use the importer-distributor/retailer-end user method of distribution during the first year of operation. The importer and distributor will serve as the intermediary between the proponents and the end user in Singapore. The proponents chose Global Active Limited to be the importer and distributor of our product to the end users. It is already assumed that these intermediaries will surely place a margin over the original price of the product. The proponents prefer to have Global Active Limited GNC to be the retailer of our product during our first year operation because of its long existence in the market. The company already established a name in the market and have gained the trust of the public. It is important for choose a retailer with good reputation because they will be the representation of what the product is all about. The company is known for selling only quality products at an affordable price. LIST OF GNC OUTLETS IN SINGAPORE [emailprotected] City Link Anchor Point Shopping Centre Centrepoint Ang Mo Kio Hub Chinatown point Arcade City Square Mall Bedok Central Clementi Central Bugis Junction Compass Point Bukit Merah Central Fuan IT Mall Bukit Panjang Plaza Great World City Bukit Timah Plaza Harbour Front Centre Chevron House Forum Hougang Mall IMM ION Orchard Guthria House Junction 8 Holland Viallage Jurong Point Guthrie House Liang Court Internationla Plaza Lot 1 Millenia Walk Nex Mall Novena Square NorthPoint Paragon Marina Square Parkway Parade Raffles City Suntec City Tampines Mall Takashimaya Tanglin Mall Tao Payoh Vivocity West Mall White Sand West Coast Plaza TRANSPORT TIME (MANILA PORT SINGAPORE PORT) Port of Loading : Manila, PH Port of Discharge : Singapore, SG Transport Time : 4 days and 2 hours Distance : 1373 nautical miles Vessel Speed : 14 knots Source:http://www.searates.com/reference/portdistance/?fcity1=11602fcity2=12117speed=14ccode=9030 Promotion Strategy Objective: To be able to acquire 0.5% of the total market share at the end of December 2012 Strategy: The proponents decided to use push strategy in promoting the proposed product to the distributors/retailers in Singapore. Distributors/retailers will then be the ones who will market our product to the end consumers. In our first year operation, GNC will be the distributor of ZILI Plus. Retailers/ Distributors, the medium to reach consumers/ end users are very important factor in distribution. Proponents must be able to convince them that the product will be a great opportunity for them to increase their profit. Once proponents are able to convince retailers/distributors that ZILI Plus will be beneficial for them, it will now be sold in their stores and it can reach the end users. Good reputation of GNC GNC has been existing in the market for quite some time. They are known for selling only quality health related products. They were able to gain the trust of the public through maintaining a good reputation and ensuring the public that all their merchandises are safe and of quality standard. The proponents are taking the opportunity and use this to gain the trust of the public. Since GNC will be our distributor, it basically sends the message to the public that ZILI Plus is safe and made from quality ingredients. Online advertisements: Proponents will be utilizing the power of the internet to reach to a wide target audience. A company website will be created to give knowledge to the public that such company exists. It will contain all the basic information about the company and the product lines the company is selling. The website will be submitted to major search engines like the Google and Yahoo. This will enable the company to reach the target market easier. Online advertisement is a means to create brand awareness. If people want to know more about the product all they have to do is just type it in their local search engines and click it. Trade fairs The proponents plan to join trade fairs which mainly focus on health to further promote the product. It will create brand awareness among retailers in Singapore and at the same time promote it to the locals. Other promotions will include flyers and brochures for the proposed product. This will highlight the three main benefits of the product namely a healthy hearts, stimulates digestion and healthy blood circulation. These advertisements must be captivating to ensure that the market will be attracted to it. Green will be the colour for main colour to be used in the proposed product because it represents nature and it also says healthy. We want our product to be known for its all natural ingredients and benefits for the body. Contingency Plan 2012: In any case that the marketing plan set up for year 2012 may fail due to unfortunate events that may occur, the proponents prepared a backup plan that should be executed immediately. The only problem that may occur is that the public might not respond well to the product due to the fact that the brand is new in the market. It can be assumed that promotional strategies may not be enough for the market to see the benefits of the product. So to resolve this problem, additional promotional strategies may be asked from the potential distributor GNC. Proponents will negotiate with GNC that further promotion may need to be executed like putting an ad in their local newspaper or coming up with more flyers. SECOND AND THIRD YEAR OPERATION: 2013-2014 Product Strategy Objective To be able to a acquire 1.4% of the total market share in Singapore by the end of December 2014 Strategy: During the second and third year of operation, the proponents would like to increase the market share in Singapore as stated above. Apparently, before the proponents can be successful in increasing the market share, brand awareness should also be increased. Assuming that the first year operation was successful, the proponents plan to continue what has been done during the first year and make some improvements. We will ensure that the production will be efficient and yet meeting the quality standards. Quality is the most important asset of the proposed product. The consumers will choose our product over the others due to its quality. To accommodate the increasing potential consumers, production will be doubled from 2100 bottles per day to 4200 bottles per day. Pricing Strategy Objective To be able to maintain the retail price of ZILI Plus at S $15 Strategy: The proponents will still stick to the pricing strategy used during the first year operation which is comparative pricing. Since the product is still new in the market, it is not yet advisable to increase the price of ZILI Plus. We will still maintain the price of SGD 15 per bottle. Assuming that we are profitable during the first year operation, we are confident that profit will increase as brand awareness continues to arise. Place/Distribution Strategy Objective To be able to maximize the availability of ZILI Plus in major health stores in Singapore from 2012 onwards Strategy: The proponents again will use the traditional importer-distributor/retailer- end user method of distribution. During this 2013-2014 operation, the proponents are planning to make the product available in more stores through having additional distributor which is the Unity NTUC Healthcare. Unity NTUC Healthcare is also one of the top retailers of health supplements in Singapore. In this case, Unity will also be the importer. Numerous people visit their stores everyday to purchase health supplements. There are more than 25 Unity NTUC Healthcare stores in Singapore today, so basically they can help promote our product. More people will be exposed to the proposed product because of the availability of it in several stores. It can also result to increase in brand awareness. Trade discounts will also be offered to our potential distributors to be able to convince them to sell ZILI Plus. Through this, distributors may tend to purchase/order more because trade discounts will be offered when the distributors are willing to purchase more. It will also be a way to convince these retailers to market the product for us in Singapore. Unity NTUC Healthcare as Distributor Unity NTUC Healthcare is the largest healthcare cooperative in Singapore. Currently operates 48 Unity pharmacies across Singapore Unity NTUC Healthcare delivers superior range of health and wellness products and services, served by warm and professional staff, pharmacists, physicians, therapists and dentists. Unity NTUC Healthcare range of merchandise focuses on stay well along with get well aspect of health. LIST OF UNITY NTUC HEALTHCARE IN SINGAPORE Ang Mo Kio Hub Plaza Singupura Bedok Pungool Plaza Bishan Raffles cIty Bukit Batok RivervalePlaza Bukit Merah Central Serangnoon Central Bukit Panjang Plaza Singapore Post Centre Bukit Timah Plaza Suntec City Clementi Tanpines Mall Dawson Place Tamplines One Eastpoint Mall Thomson Plaza Fortune Centre Tiong Bahru Plaza Great World City Tao Payah Lorong 4 Harbour Front Centre Tampines Street 83 Hiugang Tanglin Mall Hougang Point Tao Payoh Lorong 4 Jurong East West West Coast Plaza Jurong Point White Sands Shopping Centre Lot 1 Shoppers Mall Woodlands Civic Centre Marine Parade Yew Tee Point New Upper Changi Yishun Sources : https://www.ntuclink.com.sg/linkpoints/merchants/merchant_subdetail.aspx?id=78 Promotion Strategy Objective To be able to increase profit by 5% during the end of December 2014 Strategy: The proponents will continue to use the push strategy in which proponents will market the product to the distributors/retailers. We believed that this strategy will be able to help us increase our sales and boost product awareness. Since it is apparent that using push strategy is successful, the proponents are now taking the next step through adapting to another strategy which is the pull strategy. Pull strategy involves motivating customers to seek out your brand in an active process. Of course to make this strategy successful, participation from distributors will be needed. The proponents will ask the distributors to make our product more visible to the public through making their sale displays attractive especially for our product. On the other hand, we are confident that a distributor like GNC will sell our product is because the brand doesnt offer a product like ours. Their products are more on specialized like food supplements for a healthy heart but nothing can directly compete with our ZILI Plus. Online advertisements will still be utilized to further increase the brand awareness and information can be accessible to everyone. The website will also include other promotion strategies which will be used to further promote the product. The company will continue to join trade fairs in Singapore to which will promote overall well-being and health. During this year the proponents are planning to sponsor seminars which will highlight the importance of health or health related. Through this, brand awareness will be created hence giving the company an edge in the market. The company can also establish a good reputation in Singapore by exercising social responsibility and showing that the company cares for the overall well-being of the people and not just about profits. Contingency Plan: In case that marketing plan for year 2013-2014 is not a success, the proponents will have to make certain adjustments. Like instead of comparative pricing, the product will now be sold at a lower price using the market penetration strategy. This will probably help the proponents to increase profit. The market may not respond well to the product due to its still early and brand recognition is not yet widespread. Also, proponents may have additional promotion strategies like giving promos like buy one take one or handing out sample products. Through this, consumers can try how effective ZILI Plus can be and the benefits they can get from it. Sometimes giving out freebies results to brand awareness or brand recognition. Practically because people gets attracted to free stuffs. FOURTH AND FIFTH YEAR OPERATION: 2015-2016 Product Strategy Objective: To be able to increase the market share up to 3% by the end of December 2016 Strategy: During this time, the company have already established a name and the product is already known to the locals in Singapore. This will lead to increase in demand hence the company is now operating full-time. Machines will run for 24 hours a day with 3 shifts of employees. Comes in convenient packs Now that the company is on its 4th and 5th year operation, products will now be offered in blister packs to further answer the needs of the market. Seeing how well the market responded o the product, proponents want to offer the product in bottle or in blister packs. This will give the consumers convenience in carrying around with them the ZILI Plus capsules. Whether going to work or just having relaxing day outside of their homes, it is still necessary to look out for their health and take ZILI Plus. Pricing Strategy Objective: To be able to increase profit by 5% by the end of December 2016 Strategy: During the 4th and 5th year of operation, the proponents plan to price the product a little bit higher compared to the competitors. Using premium pricing will be able to highlight the unique features of the product. It will also reflect how well the market is responding to the product. Premium pricing will be able to emphasize that the product is differentiated from the others due to its 3 in 1 benefits. Proponents want to give emphasis to the fact that though the product is priced a little bit higher; every cent is worth it due to the added value they will be receiving. Health is wealth as they say and its not a practical thing to bargain for it. Based from the GMID Euromonitor, Singaporeans doesnt really mind if the price is high as long as benefits are met and exceeded. Quality of the product is important especially when it comes to health goods because it is their health we are talking about here. They want to make sure that manufacturer can be trusted thats why proponents chosen to use distributors with good public reputation. Place/Distribution Strategy Objective: To be able to maximize the availability of ZILI Plus in major health stores in Singapore from 2012 onwards Strategy: During the fourth and fifth year of operation, proponents decided to have another distributor in Singapore which is the Natures Farm. This company is known for retailing local and foreign brands food supplements. Like GNC, they also have their own brands for health supplements. Hundreds of people visit their stores because of the convenience they provide. They are known to offer a wide variety of health supplements in capsules or in tablets. The proponents are confident that Natures Farm would be able increase our sales through being one of our distributors. Just like with the previous distributors, Natures Farm will also be offered trade discounts to persuade them to have bulk orders. Natures Farm as Distributor Natures Farm is the first specialty health supplement retail chain in Singapore that offers comprehensive range of quality health supplements suitable for modern Asians at great convenience. Natures Farm has successfully positioned itself in the market as a leading modern, Asian health food store supplier of quality natural health food at reasonable prices. The retail company is committed to deliver the highest quality nutritional and health food supplements at the best value to customers. The companys range of health products includes vitamins and minerals, diabetic and organic food and health supplements. Natures Farm has 27 small shops operating in Singapore. LIST OF NATURES FARM OUTLETS IN SINGAPORE CENTRAL REGION EAST / NORTH EAST REGION Bugis Junction Compass Point Ngee Ann City Tampines Mall Junction 8 Parkway Parade Centrepoint Shopping Centre Nex Serangoon Great World City WEST REGION United Square IMM Building Toa Payoh Central West Mall Marina Bay Sands Jurong Point Shopping Centre NORTH REGION Bukit Timah Plaza Thomson Plaza SOUTH REGION Ang Mo Kio Hub Chinatown Point Causeway Point Marina Square Northpoint Shopping Centre The Arcade International Plaza Suntec City Mall Promotion Strategy Objective: To be able to increase the market share up to 3% by the end of December 2016 Strategy: Extensive Advertising The proponents are now on its 4th and 5th year operation. Brand awareness among majority of the potential customers in Singapore is acquired and the brand is now known all over Singapore. Assumin

Comparing Ritual in Beckett, Hemingway, and ONeill :: comparison compare contrast essays

Ritual in Beckett, Hemingway, and O'Neill "Perhaps the public psyche has simply been overloaded and, like an electrical circuit, has blown its fuse and gone cold under the weight of too many impulses" (Miller, lvi). The modern world is often looked upon as a cold and unfeeling one. And the modern existence is such that it has been called a "Wasteland" by T. S. Eliot. It has also led Camus to parallel it with the ancient Greek myth of Sisyphus, who was condemned to repeatedly push a boulder up a mountain, after which it would roll down the other side, and he would have to start all over again. It is this ritualistic behavior which has become a significant factor in modern life. Although ritualism is a common theme in modern literature, its function had been interpreted differently by modern writers. Many, like Beckett and Hemingway, see ritualistic behavior almost as a form of therapy, a healing action used to cope with internal turmoil. Others, chiefly expressionists like O'Neill, look upon ritual with scorn. They see it as the deadening of society, the mechanization of humanity. "Expressionist drama protested strongly against the system of industrialized production that transformed man into an automaton" (Glicksberg 51). O'Neill's scorn of ritualism, which is typical of the expressionists, is evident in his plays. The expressionists believed that humanity is out of kilter with nature, and man's obsession with materialism and machines is a factor in the deadening of the soul. O'Neill was a man described by Joseph Golden as being a godless, despondent, pessimistic, antisocial creature who was also prone to such exuberance that he could write to a friend "I'm tickled to death with life! I wouldn't 'go out' and miss the rest of the play for anything!"(31). O'Neill's lack of belief in religion was a constant struggle for him. He was disturbed not only by the absence of Christianity, but by humanity's inability to find a replacement for it. He described this feeling in a letter to George Jean Nathan when he wrote, The playwright today must dig at the roots of the sickness of today as he feels it--the death of the Old God and the failure of science and materialism to give any satisfying new one for the surviving primitive religious instinct to find a meaning of and to life in, comfort his fears of death with (qtd in Golden 39).

How can ICT support the learning of children with special educational :: ICT Essays

How can ICT support the learning of children with special educational needs? ICT can support the learning of children with special educational needs [SEN]. It enables children with SEN to overcome barriers to learning by providing alternative or additional methods of communicating within the learning process. Moreover, it also helps teachers to create a supportive framework, which can enable autonomous learning. When used creatively, ICT can enrich and enhance teaching, motivating pupils and engaging them in active learning. But how is this achieved? The range of special needs covers a very wide spectrum. It will be necessary therefore to examine how ICT can support the various needs. Standard equipment is often suitable for children with SEN. the settings of the computer can be changes to make it more computer friendly. The mouse motion can be slowed down for better control. The toolbar can be created to suit the children's needs. However if this is not suitable there are many peripherals and devices, which can support children with SEN, but not all are appropriate for everyone. For those children with a physical disability a variety of switches, optical pointers, voice controlled devices and word prediction software has been designed to overcome the problems these children have using traditional input devices such as the mouse and keyboard. However according to Semerc [2000] these alternative methods of access are more complex than direct input and therefore place an additional cognitive burden on the child. The system therefore needs to be set up so that it does not become an additional barrier. Children need to be competent with input devices such as switches. The technique may take time to develop and opportunities need to be provided to practise these to avoid frustration. There are a variety of switches available. Some involve hand movement while others can be operated by other parts of the body; even a strong puff of breath can operate a switch. The assessment of the type of switch required is usually carried out by specialists [Hopkins, 1998]. This assessment needs to be continuous. Bowser and Reed [1995] as cited by Bryant et al [1998] argue that as a child progresses through the Education System, their requirements change and this may necessitate a need for different devices. This is not limited to those children with a physical disability but is relevant to all children with SEN as they progress and the Education System places additional burdens upon them. For children with a visual impairment ICT can provide support in various ways; tools to support communication, to improve access to information and as a means of producing learning materials in alternative. There is a wide range of devices and software, which can

Willa Cathers Death Comes for the Archbishop :: Willa Cather Death Comes for the Archbishop

Willa Cather's Death Comes for the Archbishop: Novel and Narrative I found these definitions at an online guide to free online dictionaries: Main Entry: nar ·ra ·tive Pronunciation: 'nar-&-tiv Function: noun Date: 1566 1 : something that is narrated : STORY 2 : the art or practice of narration 3 : the representation in art of an event or story; also : an example of such a representation - narrative adjective - nar ·ra ·tive ·ly adverb Main Entry: novel Function: noun Etymology: Italian novella Date: 1639 1 : an invented prose narrative that is usually long and complex and deals especially with human experience through a usually connected sequence of events 2 : the literary genre consisting of novels - nov ·el ·is ·tic /"nà ¤-v&-'lis-tik/ adjective - nov ·el ·is ·ti ·cal ·ly /-ti-k(&-)lE/ adverb Main Entry: nov ·el Pronunciation: 'nà ¤-v&l Function: adjective Etymology: Middle English, from Middle French, new, from Latin novellus, from diminutive of novus new -- more at NEW Date: 15th century 1 : new and not resembling something formerly known or used 2 : original or striking especially in conception or style <a novel scheme to collect money> I think that one of the hardest problems in distinguishing novel from narrative in DCA is, first of all, distinguishing between the terms "novel" and "narrative" themselves. A narrative seems to be, well, something that is told as a story, or at least being caught in the act of telling one of those stories. A novel seems to be, wait a minute, a narrative? What am I supposed to infer from that? Is this the sound of one hand clapping, Confucius laughing? Have I have been duped? As far as I can tell, all dictionary definitions and joking aside, Death Comes For the Archbishop is a solid mix of both prose and narrative, leaning a little heavier on the narrative side. Cather does explore her characters' humanity, following them and tugging the reader along from event to event, but we, the readers, only get the perspective of the fly on the wall at least, a shallow reading of the characters' feelings and emotions at best. We are never invited deep into the minds of her constructs as we are in most "novels." What Cather does do, though, is create an artistic rendering of the characters and the world that they live in. The reader can, with just a little imagination, see the heat shimmer off the desert, feel the sun beat down on them; they can create, from the general descriptions, characters of flesh and blood. The reader is given a series of snapshots, taken at different times, with nothing substantial to fill in the gapsthis separates it from the dictionary definition of the "novel" which follows, usually, a thicker chronology of the characters' lives.

A History of Journalism in the Philippines Essay

Revolution, the press, which plays a potent role in the promotion of truth, justice, and democracy, and of peace, progress, and prosperity, was liberated from dictatorship. During this period, crony newspapers were closed and the National Press Club and the Philippine Press Institute were revived to professionalize mass media in the country. During this period, significant changes, advances, and developments have taken place in Philippine journalism. Newspapers and periodicals have expanded in pages, sections, coverages, and circulations. They have become venues of sensitive issues like death penalty, charter change, juetengate scandal, and visiting forces agreement, and of diverse issues about the civil society, land reform, human rights, genders issues, and other areas that before the 1986 EDSA Revolution were previously ignored or minimally covered. Some investigative reports have led to further investigations, have enhanced transparency, and have reduced corruption in the judiciary, executive, and legislative branches of the government. These developments are attributed to the continuing efforts of the newspaper and the periodical industry and their research and academic organizations: the Philippine Center for Investigative Journalism, which conducts rigorous research in the affairs of the state; the Center for Media Freedom and Responsibility, which upgrades professionalism and responsibility of media practitioners through seminars, workshops, and publications; the Philippine Press Institute, which conducts trainings and sponsors the Annual Community Press Awards that recognizes excellence among provincial newspapers and periodicals; and the Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication, which offers graduate studies in journalism and in communication management and conducts media research, interim training, and policy advocacy. In 1998, there are 14 daily broadsheets and 19 tabloids published in Metro  Manila. Among the broadsheets with the biggest circulations include the Manila Bulletin with a claimed circulation of 280 000 on weekdays and 300 000 on weekends and the Philippine Daily Inquirer with a claimed circulation of 260 000 on weekdays and 280 000 on weekends. Among the tabloids with the biggest circulations include the Abante with a claimed circulation of 417 600 and the People’s Journal with a claimed circulation of 382 000. Out of the 408 provincial newspapers and periodicals, 30 are printed daily, 292 are published weekly, and the rest are circulated either monthly or quarterly. Today, based from the 2000 Philippine Media Fact Book, there are 559 print publications, 475 broadsheets, 45 magazines, and 39 tabloids and comics; 22 percent are published in the National Capital Region, 12 broadsheets, 17 tabloids, 32 magazines, 39 comics, and 5 Chinese newspapers. Among the broadsheets with the biggest circulations include the Philippine Daily Inquirer with a daily circulation of 257 416, followed by the Philippine Star, 251 000, and the Manila Bulletin, 240 000. Other broadsheets with their daily circulation are as follows: Today, 152 268; Kabayan, 150 000; Malaya, 135 193; Manila Standard, 96 310; Sun Star Manila, 87 000; Philippine Post, 78 218; The Manila Times, 75 000; Business World, 61 283; and The Daily Tribune, 50 000. Among the tabloids with the biggest circulations include Bulgar with a daily circulation of 448 450, followed by the People’s Journal, 382 200, and the People’s Tonight, 365 811. Other tabloids with their daily circulation are as follows: Remate, 310 000; Abante, 260 000; Bandera, 253 523; Pilipino Star Ngayon, 250 200, People’s Bagong Taliba, 210 000; Balita, 175 725; Tempo, 160 000; Abante Tonight, 150 000; Isyu, 126 835; Saksi Ngayon, 100 000; Remate Tonight, 90 000; Balita sa Hapon, 35 000; and Sun Star Bulilit, 30 000. Among the Sunday supplements of daily newspapers, Panorama of the Manila Bulletin has the highest number of circulation, 300 000, followed by the Sunday Inquirer Magazine of the Philippine daily Inquirer, 268 575, and the Starweek Magazine of the Philippine Star, 268 000. Among the entertainment magazines, Glitter has the highest number of circulation with 300 000, followed by the Pilipino Reporter News Magazine, 188 192, and the Woman Today, 184 900. __________________________________________________________ Inquiry, Dissent, and Struggle Javier Flores and Ava Vivian Gonzales Though the Philippine Collegian retains the singular distinction of being the most illustrious campus paper in the country, there is no single Collegian. A rummage through the archives, through pages crumbling with age, reveals an impermanence of its character. There are indeed as many versions of the Collegian as there are batches of writers and students, and passing crises peculiar to different times. Each generation names its own foes. The process of writing, subversive as it is, fords the inter-generational divide. Such exercise puts one upon inquiry, the starting point of advocacy. When one writes, one requires breathing space: the right to dissect any topic under the sun and in the domain of heaven, and the right not to be interfered with in so doing. The practice of interrogating accepted modes of thinking and overturning paradigms breeds criticism of the powers that be. In the Collegian’s storied past, this criticism, coming at times when to be informed was an offense, was not always welcome. There were issues which came out with white spaces where editorials should have been. Homobono Adaza, then editor in chief (EIC), was removed from office for writing an editorial against the UP Administration. During the Martial Law years, staffers were threatened that they would not graduate if they persisted in  attacking the government. The bright lives of some of its editors: Abraham Sarmiento Jr., Antonio Tagamolila, and Enrique Voltaire Garcia III, among a host of others, were snuffed out. The history of the Collegian is likewise replete with struggles against those who desired to shackle the freedom of writers: the fight against vague provisions on the selection of judges for the editorial exam; the battle to abolish the position of a faculty adviser who had to sign every page proof of the paper; and the endeavor to take care of its own coffers without the Administration holding its finances hostage. Since the birth of Collegian in 1922, generations of writers have dipped their pens into the inkwell of society racked with vicissitudes. The Collegian was a party in their efforts to resolve the varied inequities of the times with articles that seared, and commentaries that burned. It is imperative that we turn the page to remind us of the efforts of those who came before us. Perfection lies not behind us, but ahead of us. It is not a forsaken paradise, but a territory we must one day conquer, a city we must one day build. Nevertheless, it is not a mortal sin to occasionally contemplate the cornerstones that have been placed by those before us to show us what is possible.